Mɔfim

Yaɣ sheli	moneme, emic unit, linguistic form, morphological unit
Pahi la	lexeme
Ŋun bɔhim ŋa nyɛ	morphology
Ʒili

Mɔfim nyɛla biɛlinli shɛli din pɔra ka mali gbunni ka ni tooi zani di gama zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ni di bahi bahindi bachi puuni.^[1] Bachinima pam beni ka nyɛla di maŋmaŋa mɔfim sumaŋanima ka naan yi che din gba beni ka mali mɔfim bɔbili di puuni la ka di gba beni tɔ amaa yɛltɔɣa biɛhigu bachinima puuni, di nyɛla din be kɔnkoba n be mɔfim sumaŋa mini mɔfim tuɣirili sunsuuni. Yɛltɔɣa yaɣ'shɛli ŋa jɛndi mɔfim wuhibu ni di bɔhimbu n-nyɛ mɔfoloji.

Siliminsili puuni, bachi yi beni n mali mɔfim bɔbigu di biɛhigu ni, bachi shɛli din n ʒeya ka n ʒiri lala bachi maa gbunni ni nyɛ shɛli la n-nyɛ di bachi tuŋa (kamani bachi ŋɔ puuni buku, di nyɛla jilikpeeni bee bachi tuŋa bukunima puuni) ka ni tooi n-nyɛ mɔfim tuɣirili bee mɔfim sumaŋa. Mɔfim tuɣira biɛlim pahira ka ti booni biɛlimpahira ka di nyɛ din kanina pɔi bee ka di doli bachi tuŋa nyaaŋa, ti ni tooi n nya li shɛhirili ŋɔ ni -ti din be Jaŋkunti ni n wuhiri galisim amaa ka lee n-nyɛ mɔfim tuɣirili n be bachinamda jilikpeeni saha kam ni.^[2] Din lahi pahi, bal'shɛŋa puuni din bahi bahindi Siliminsili mini Latin puuni, bachi tuŋ'shɛŋa ŋa bachikɔba kalinli yiɣisi yim ku tooi n zani di gama zuɣu; din bɔŋɔ wuhiya ni di nyɛla mɔfim tuɣira. Shɛhira, Latin puuni bachi tuŋa ŋɔ reg- ('Naa') tu ni nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili doli li saha shɛli kam ni nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili shɛli din wuhiri din biɛhigu: regis, regi, rex (reg+s), ni ŋa pahi pahi. Lala n lahi nyɛla n-ti Siliminsili ni bachi tuŋa polo yaha nat(e) — din nyɛ din paŋ shɛli na Latin bachi tuŋa puuni ni ka di gbunni nyɛ "dɔɣim, dɔɣi" — ka di yirina bachinima ni kamani native(tiŋ'bia), nation(tiŋa), nature(biɛhigu), innate, mini neonate.

Siliminsili shɛhira shɛŋa ŋa do gbunni ŋɔ malila mɔfoloji wuhibu di puuni:

"Unbreakable" (bini din kpemi ni di ŋma bee n kabigi) di malila mɔfimnima ata di puuni: un- (din nyɛ mɔfim tuɣirili ka wuhiri "bi"), (kabi) break (di nyɛla bachiniŋdili ka lahi n-nyɛ bachi tuŋa n-ti unbreakable: ka di nyɛ mɔfim sumaŋa), ka -able (ka di nyɛ bachibuɣisirili nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili din wuhiri "din kpeŋ, din ni tooi tum tum'shɛŋa, bee di anfaani").^[3]
Mɔfim zaɣ'bɔbigu n zaŋ ti bachinamdi yɛri (-s) malila mɔfim kumsi shɛli bɛ ni boli ni allomorphs dibaa ata: ka di boli n kum ni /s/ (shɛhira kamani, (Jaŋkuno ni) cats /kæts/), /ɪz, əz/ (kamani, (ŋmana ni) dishes /dɪʃɪz/), ni /z/ (kamani, (Baa ni) dogs /dɒɡz/), di dolila bachi tuŋa maa kumsi.

Mɔfim balibu

Mɔfim sumaŋa mini mɔfim tuɣirili

Mɔfim kam purimi n be mɔfim tuɣirili ni bee mɔfim sumaŋa ni:^[4]

Mɔfim sumansi ni tooi n zani di gama zuɣu n-nyɛ bachinima (shɛhira, tiŋa, Baa) di ni tooi n lahi yina ka n-nyɛ bachijɛba siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni lexemes la ni (shɛhira Jina duu, paɣaŋoo).
Mɔfim tuɣirili nyɛla biɛlin'shɛŋa din pahiri bachinima zuɣu saha shɛli kam di yi yɛn yina, di yirina mi n doli bachi tuŋa nyaaŋa saha shɛŋa mii ni ka di doli mɔfim tuɣira shɛŋa. Shɛhira, un- yirimina saha shɛli mɔfim shɛŋa yi ti doli ni di lebi bachi. Mɔfim tuɣira pam be Siliminsili ni n nyɛla tooni biɛlimpahira mini nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira. Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira shɛhira shɛŋa n-nyɛ -tion, -sion, -tive, -ation, -ible, n ti pahi -ing. Mɔfim tuɣira shɛŋa ŋa ka biɛlimpahira ka bɛ boli ni cranberry morphemes.

Mɔfim tuɣirili balibu

Mɔfim tuɣirili ni tooi pu n-nyɛ bachi pala nambu mɔfim mini girama biɛhigu mɔfim siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni derivational bee inflectional. Wɔligimsim ŋa be ŋanima sunsuuni nyɛla di ni tumdi tuma shɛm bachinima puuni.

Girama biɛhigu mɔfim

Girama biɛhigu mɔfimnima nyɛla din kahigiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari, yaɣa, biɛhigu, daadam, bee bachiniŋdili kalinli bee girama bachi pubu balibu bee bachinamda, bachibuɣisira, bachinamdi maŋa girama lu n zahim din yɛn che ka di bi bachi maa gbunni bee di pubu balibu (bachi pubu balibu). Girama biɛhigu mɔfim ni tumdi tuma shɛm bachinima ni Shɛhiranima, ti yi zaŋ biɛlimpahieili - nima n pahi buku zuɣu ka di ti ti di zaɣ'bɔbigu bukunima ni ti yi zaŋ biɛlimpahieili -ya n pahi di (eat) zuɣu ka di ti ti diya. Girama biɛhigu mɔfim nyɛla din taɣiri bachi pubu balibu. Siliminsili ni bachi pubu balibu anii n beni.^[5]^[6]

Alomɔfu

Alomɔfunima nyɛla mɔfim bal'shɛŋa ŋa yi di ko ka che mɔfim shɛŋa ŋa mini li biɛhigu nyɛ yim amaa ka ŋanima gbunna ni lee nyɛ yim bee ka di zaa ʒiri hankaya ŋmani taba. Shɛhira, Siliminsili ni bachi ŋɔ marker zaɣ'bɔbigu malila lala alomɔfunima ŋɔ dibaa ata: /-z/ (bugs), /-s/ (bats), or /-ɪz, -əz/ (buses). Alomɔfu nyɛla mɔfim shɛli ŋa ni tooi nya ka shihi bɔhimbu bee baŋbu ni ka di nyɛ di zaya n-ti ŋan ku tooi n nya ka shihi. Din mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ni allophone la mini fonim soya bi chirigiri taba balee ŋanima ti kpini taba.

Zero-bound-morpheme

Zero-morpheme

Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni zero-morpheme ŋɔ nyɛla mɔfim bal'shɛli ŋa mali bachi gbunni di puuni amaa ka lee bi ka bachi kumsi wumbu. Bachi shɛli din mali lala zero-mɔfim ŋɔ nyɛla ti ni mali shɛli mɔfim n yulindi girama zuɣu amaa ka lee bi mali lala mɔfim maa n tumdi ti yɛltɔɣa ni. Dalinli shɛli ti ni mali n-tiri li n-nyɛ /∅/ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni glosses la ni.^[7]

Lala mɔfinima taɣibunima bi do polo ni. Shɛhirili, sheep (piɛɣu zaɣ'bɔbili sabbu Siliminsili ni bi taɣira, di ni kuli sabiri shɛm di zaɣ'gaŋa ni shɛm maa lala ka di lahi n sabiri di zaɣ'bɔbigu puuni) lala bachinamdili sabbu ŋɔ zami n-ti ŋa zaɣ'gaŋa ni ŋa zaɣ'bɔbigu zaa ha nangbanyini; ti bi mali nyaaŋa bilinlipahira n tabiliri ŋa ni di lɛbi *sheeps(piɛri), ŋa zaɣ'bɔbili nyɛla sheep + -∅, nyanŋa bilinlipahirili din pa shɛli la n-nyɛ li. Ŋa gbunni nyɛla din yina bɛ ni boli shɛli ni co-occurrence determiner nima la ni ( "(shɛba/shɛŋa)some-" bee "a-" ni).^[8]

Saha shɛŋa ni lala zero-mɔfim ŋɔ maa ni tooi n sɔŋ n waligi bee n tuhi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflected la biɛhigu bachi shɛŋa ŋa mali mɔfim kumsi ŋa puuni. Shɛhirili, Siliminsili ni bachinamdili ŋɔ cats(Jaŋkunti) zaɣ'bɔbigu ŋɔ ni, di malila bachi tuŋa cat(Jaŋkuno) ni nyaaŋa bilinlipahirili din ti li di zaɣ'bɔbigu maa ka di nyɛ -s(dagbanli ni ka di nyɛ -ti), dinzuɣu ti ni tooi n yɛli ni bachi ŋɔ cat zaɣ'gaŋa n-nyɛ di bachi tuŋa din pahi nyaaŋa bilinlipahirili ŋan pa shɛli la zuɣu -∅.^[9]

Content vs. function

Siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni Content morphemes ŋɔ nyɛla din bini gbunni bee ŋa lahabali ni nyɛ shɛli, ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni function morphemes (mɔfimnima ŋa tumdi tuma bee ŋa mali tuma) mii la mali girama zalisi tuma di ni. Kamani mɔfimnima ŋɔ ni, fast (yom) ni sad (suhugarigu), ŋanima ni tooi n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni content morphemes. Tɔ amaa nyaaŋa bilinlipahirili ŋɔ -ed nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni function mɔfim la dominchi di malila girama tuma di wuhiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari.

Din tooi niŋ ka yaɣa ayi ŋɔ zaa gbunna nyɛ din yi polo bee ka ŋanima bɔhimbu nineesim yi polo ka di nyɛla niri hankali ni ti o shɛm tɔ amaa di baŋsim nyabu bee di hankaya gbaabu nyɛla di to pam domin ŋanima tooi kpɛri taba ni saha shɛŋa ni.^[10] Saha shɛŋa ŋa gbuuna ni ni bi ne n do polo ni la shɛhiranima n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni preposition over mini ni determiner your, di ŋmani ŋa gbunna nima di yɛn ne mi la amaa ka ŋanima nyɛ function mɔfim domi ŋanima tuma nyɛmi ni di laɣim hankaya ka ŋa doli girama.^[11] Ŋa do gbunni ŋɔ ni tooi n sɔŋ ka mɔfim ni be yaɣ'shɛli yi polo:

Content mɔfimnima shɛŋa n-nyɛ mɔfim sumaŋa ŋa nyɛ bachinamda, bachibuɣisira, bachiniŋdipahira, ni bachiniŋdi kpani ni mɔfim tuɣirili din nima nyɛ bachi tuŋa ni tooni bilinlipahira ni yi shɛli na.^[11]
Function mɔfimnina ni tooi n-nyɛ mɔfim sumansi din nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni prepositions, determiners, bachizaana, bachiniŋda ŋa tiri sɔŋsim (auxiliary verbs) n ti pahi bachituɣura la. Ŋanima ni tooi n-nyɛ mɔfim tuɣira ŋa nyɛ din nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflectional tooni bilinlipahira la.^[11]

Nahingbana shɛŋa ŋa n pahi

Bachi tuŋa kam malila mɔfim gaŋa ŋa puuni ka bachi nyɛbili mii mali mɔfinima n gari zaɣ'yini di ni. Tooni bilinlipahirili kam ŋa n pahi nyɛla mɔfimnima. Shɛhira, silimin'bachi ŋɔ puuni quirkiness, di bachi tuŋa nyɛla quirk, ka di bachi nyabili (nyabili) nyɛ quirky, din nyɛ din mali mɔfinima ayi di ni.

Din lahi n pahi, tooni bilinlipahira shɛŋa malila kumsi yinsi amaa ka ŋa gbunna wali. Shɛhira, Siliminsili ni nyaaŋa bilinlipahirili ŋɔ -er can ni tooi n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni derivational (shɛhira sell ⇒ seller) la bee inflectional (shɛhira, small ⇒ smaller). Lala mɔfimnima ka ti boli ni homophonous.^[11]

Bachi shɛŋa ni tooi beni ka ŋmani di malila mɔfim bɔbigu di ni amaa ka ka. Dinzuɣu, di bi tu ni niri mali bachi biɛhigu ko n baŋdi ŋanima mɔfimnima faashee o pahila lala bachi maa gbunni ni nyɛ shɛli. Kamani kpe, bachi ŋɔ Madagascar is nyɛla bachi waɣinli ka ŋmani di malila mɔfimnima kamani mad, gas, ni car, amaa ka lala n-nyɛ li. Lala n lahi nyɛla ka bachi jihi shɛŋa mali mɔfim bɔbigu ŋanima ni (Shɛhira(Bahi) dogs = dog + s).^[11]

Mɔfolojikal Analysis

Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Natural language processing zaŋ n-ti Japanese, Chinese, ni bala shɛŋa puuni, mɔfolojikal analysis nyɛla so'shɛli ti ni doli n puri mɔfim bee n waligirili li bɔŋbɔŋ yɛltɔɣa ni. Mɔfolojikal analysis nyɛla din kpini bachituɣa ni (part-of-speech tagging), amaa lala bala ŋɔ nima tu ni bɛ mali bachi pubu bee bachi waligibu dominchi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni word boundaries la pa la ti ni tooi n yaai yaai bachinima ka di wuhi di ni nyɛ shɛli.^[12]

Lala bɛ ni boli shɛli ni morphological analysis ŋɔ yɛlkpeeni nyɛmi ni di wuhi gbunni shɛli bɛ ni buɣisi ni minimal units la ni nyɛ shɛli yɛltɔɣa puuni (mɔfimnima) ka nyɛla di zaŋ ŋanima biɛhigu ŋa nyɛ yim n maɣisi taba: kamani ti yi zaŋ "O chanimi" "She is walking" ni "Bɛ chanimi" "They are walking" n zaŋ maɣisi taba, ka naain n che din di bi ŋmani taba kamani "You are reading" "a karimdi mi". Lala nima nyɛla ti ni ni tooi n chɛ n piri bee n pu shɛŋa bɔŋbɔŋ ka mɔfimnima ŋa nyɛ konkɔba la waligi taba.

Di gbunni ni di biɛhigu zaa ha nyɛla ŋa kpa talahi mɔfimnima baŋbu ni. Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni an agent mɔfim la nyɛla tooni bilinlipahirili kamani -er din yihiri bachiniŋdili ŋa pubu ni n kpɛhiri bachinamda ni Siliminsili puuni (shɛhira teach → teacher). Siliminsili puuni mɔfim shɛli beni ka di kumsi bolibu mini ŋa sabbu ni zaa ha nyɛ yim amaa ka ŋa gbunna ni mini ŋa tuma lee wali: mɔfim shɛli din wuhiri niŋsim shɛli ni tooi n taɣi bachibuɣisirili n chaŋ n ti niŋ niŋsim shɛli ni dabam ni (amaa ka di na kuli n-nyɛ di bachibuɣisirili) (Shɛhira small → smaller). Di lɛbili gba ni tooi n yina n-nyɛ: mɔfim jɛba bee di libili ŋa gbunna ni nyɛ yim amaa ka di biɛhigu bee di sabbu wali.^[11]

Changing definition

Tɛmplet:Unreferenced section

Siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni generative grammar la puuni, mɔfim ni nyɛ shɛli dolila bɛ ni boli shɛli ni whether syntactic la ni (tihi) trees mɔfinima n-nyɛ di vari bee di nahingbana shɛli n-nyɛ di vari.

Di nyɛla bɛ yɛli shɛli ni direct surface-to-syntax mapping n be lexical functional grammar (LFG) ni – vari nyɛla bachinima
Di be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni syntax-to-semantics mapping la gba ni
- Sintaɣisi puuni vari nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli shɛli ni di nyɛla tihi spell out mɔfimnima: distributed morphology – vari nyɛla mɔfimnima
- Yaɣa ŋa be syntactic trees spell out mɔfimnima ni: bɛ ni boli shɛli ni radical minimalism mini nanosyntax – vari nyɛla "nano-" (zaɣ'bila) mɔfo-sintaɣisi nahingbana ni

Di wuhiya ni mɔfim nyɛla "bilinli din pɔra ka mali gbunni", bɛ ni boli shɛli ni nanosyntax la niiya nyɛmi ni di wuhi din che yɛltɔɣ'niɣima shɛŋa ni bɛ ni boli shɛli ni syntactic tree la mini di kpatuɣa tooi zooi ka di tumdi tuma "bilinli din pɔra ka mali gbunni". Kamani yɛltɔɣ'niɣinli din nyɛ Siliminsili ŋɔ ni "Don't let the cat out of the bag". Di puuni, yɛltaɣ'niɣinli maa maŋmaŋa n-nyɛ "let the cat out of the bag" "che ka Jaŋkuno maa yina baaji maa puuni". Di naa n tooi n-nyɛ mɔfim din mali gbunni (semantic morpheme), din mali bɛ ni boli shɛli ni syntactic mɔfimnima la zaɣ'bɔbigu di puuni. Saha shɛŋa mii ni lala "bilinli din pɔra ka mali gbunni" ŋɔ ni tooi n waɣa n gari bachi ka ni tooi nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni collocations la shɛŋa kamani "in view of" ni "business intelligence" ka lala bachinima ŋɔ yi laɣim taba ka mali gbunni.

Mɔfimnima ni nyɛ shɛli lahi nyɛla ŋa mali sɔŋsim bɛ ni boli shɛli ni generative grammar la ni n tumdi baŋsim tun'shɛŋa ŋa do gbunni ŋɔ:

Event semantics: baŋsim yaɣ'shɛli din wuhiri ni productive mɔfim kam tu ni di mali bachi maa maŋmaŋa biɛhigu gbunni (din nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni denotation), di mii yi n niŋ ka di pun beni dinŋuna di tu ni di mali mɔfim (din nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni null la bee overt la shɛli).
Spell-out: yaɣ'shɛli bee luɣ'shɛli polo sintaɣisi bee semantic kpatuɣa nima la ni kpɛ taba ni n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni "spelled out" di nyɛla din mali bachinima bee mɔfimnima din ʒiri lahabali kumsi n tumdi tuma. Di ni tooi n lahi nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni lexical insertion din kpɛri syntactic puuni .

A ni tooi n lahi nya

Alternation (linguistics)
Floating tone
Hybrid word
List of Greek morphemes used in English
Morphological parsing
Morphophonology
Morphotactics
Motif-Index of Folk-Literature, featuring a comparable concept in folklore studies
Theoretical linguistics
Word stem

Kundivihira

↑ Haspelmath, Martin (2010). Understanding Morphology (in English). Andrea D. Sims (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-340-95001-2. OCLC 671004133.
↑ Kemmer, Suzanne. Structure.
↑ Tɛmplet:Cite Merriam-Webster
↑ Morphology. Linguistics 201: Introduction to Language in the Humanities (October 22, 2001).
↑ Module 1 Concepts: Inflectional Morpheme. ENG 411B.
↑ Matthew, Baerman (2015). The Morpheme. Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780199591428. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
↑ (2020-05-06) "Zero morphemes in paradigms" (in en). Studies in Language. International Journal Sponsored by the Foundation "Foundations of Language" 44 (1): 1–26. DOI:10.1075/sl.16085.ger. ISSN 0378-4177.
↑ Zero Morphemes (2018). [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.592.
↑ Null morpheme – Glottopedia.
↑ Morphology II.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 Department of Linguistics (2011). Language files: Materials for an introduction to language and linguistics (11th ed.). Ohio State University Press.
↑ Nakagawa, Tetsuji (2004). "Chinese and Japanese word segmentation using word-level and character-level information" (in en). Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics - COLING '04: 466–es. DOI:10.3115/1220355.1220422.

External links

Glossary of reading terms
Comprehensive and searchable morpheme reference
Linguistics 001 — Lecture 7 — Morphology by Mark Lieberman
Pronunciation of the word morpheme Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine

Tɛmplet:Lexicology Tɛmplet:Lexicography

[1] Haspelmath, Martin (2010). Understanding Morphology (in English). Andrea D. Sims (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-340-95001-2. OCLC 671004133.

[2] Kemmer, Suzanne. Structure.

[3] Tɛmplet:Cite Merriam-Webster

[4] Morphology. Linguistics 201: Introduction to Language in the Humanities (October 22, 2001).

[5] Module 1 Concepts: Inflectional Morpheme. ENG 411B.

[6] Matthew, Baerman (2015). The Morpheme. Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780199591428. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2019.

[7] (2020-05-06) "Zero morphemes in paradigms" (in en). Studies in Language. International Journal Sponsored by the Foundation "Foundations of Language" 44 (1): 1–26. DOI:10.1075/sl.16085.ger. ISSN 0378-4177.

[8] Zero Morphemes (2018). [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.592.

[9] Null morpheme – Glottopedia.

[10] Morphology II.

[language_files-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 Department of Linguistics (2011). Language files: Materials for an introduction to language and linguistics (11th ed.). Ohio State University Press.

[12] Nakagawa, Tetsuji (2004). "Chinese and Japanese word segmentation using word-level and character-level information" (in en). Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics - COLING '04: 466–es. DOI:10.3115/1220355.1220422.

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